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Both within and across societies, risk of  cancer incidence associated with higher social class is increasing as societies around the world industrialize. This represents a  paradox for women’s health internationally – a life that is generally better may increase a woman’s risk for breast cancer.

Some of the reasons social class influences a woman’s risk for breast cancer across her life course are that, prior to birth, it influences her mother’s reproductive age, health and timing of birth, influences her own growth from gestation onward, age at menarche, child-bearing, lactation, and menopause, and social class shapes her physical activity, work and leisure life, body size, diet and alcohol use, and a myriad of environmental factors. 

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In smoking cessation research, time-line follow-back (TLFB) is the main method for measuring cigarette consumption and defining periods of quit and lapse. TLFB data are generally imprecise and potentially biased and may not adequately characterize the true consumption on day-to-day basis. In particular, self-reported cigarette consumption data are typically heaped; some subjects report exact cigarette counts, whereas others report rounded off counts

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